Martin Luther

German priest, theologian, and seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther challenged Roman Catholic doctrines, notably on indulgences, leading to excommunication by the Pope and condemnation by the Holy Roman Emperor. Luther's theological beliefs established Lutheranism. His teachings included that salvation is a gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ alone. Luther translated the Bible into German, impacting church and German culture significantly and fostering a standard German language. His hymns influenced singing in Protestant churches, and he set a precedent for clerical marriage.